Method of using nutritional compounds dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and arabinogalactan in combination with dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) to reduce and control cardiometabolic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia

ABSTRACT

The method of using nutritional compounds including Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), Arabinogalactan and Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) to reduce and control cardiometabolic risk factors, associated with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia in a mammal, specifically a human, resulting in the enhancement of metabolism, reduced control levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, reduced oxidative damage in humans and other health benefits.

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FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention and disclosure relate to nutritional compounds andmethods that reduce and control cardiometabolic risk factors [FIG. 1],associated with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia in a mammal,specifically, a human.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Overconsumption of a maladaptive, generally, fast food commercializeddiet consisting of foods that are calorie-dense, nutritionally-poor,phytochemical-depleted, highly processed and rapidly absorbable has beenshown to increase systemic inflammation and reduce insulin sensitivity[1-3]. With chronic ingestion, this dietary pattern often results inmetabolic syndrome (MetS) [FIG. 2], a combination of medical disordersthat affects a large number of people in a clustered fashion. Themetabolic syndrome, also termed “insulin resistance syndrome” is anon-diabetic accumulation of risk factors, which can lead to thedevelopment of diabetes but it is not identical with diabetes. Asdefined by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology themetabolic syndrome (i.e. the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) is defined byfive factors:

-   -   1. Elevated waist circumference:        -   Men—greater than 40 inches (102 cm)        -   Women—greater than 35 inches (88 cm)    -   2. Elevated triglycerides: Equal to or greater than 150 mg/dL        (1.7 mmol/L)    -   3. Reduced HDL (“good”) cholesterol:        -   Men—Less than 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L)        -   Women—Less than 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L)    -   4. Elevated blood pressure: Equal to or greater than 130/85 mm        Hg or use of medication for hypertension    -   5. Elevated fasting glucose: Equal to or greater than 100 mg/dL        (5.6 mmol/L) or use of medication for hyperglycemia.        The end result of MetS is to increase one's risk for        cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In most cases, metabolic        syndrome culminates in type 2 diabetes. The symptoms of        metabolic syndrome are related to lipid and carbohydrate        metabolism and include obesity, elevated triglycerides, low        levels of high density lipoproteins, increased blood pressure or        hypertension and increased glucose levels, but also symptoms of        inflammation [4-7]. As worldwide food consumption patterns shift        to the aforementioned dietary pattern, MetS is becoming a        significant burden in developing nations and global prevalence        is growing [8,9].

It is widely viewed that MetS results from an increasing, perpetualstate of whole body insulin resistance, which is strongly associatedwith dietary carbohydrate [10-12] and saturated fat [13], leading tohigh serum triglycerides (TG) and visceral adiposity [14-16]. Acuteinfusion of free fatty acids leads to the accumulation of TG in skeletalmuscle and evokes whole body insulin resistance with the same temporalpattern [17-20]. Metabolites of lipid metabolism such as diacylglycerolhave been shown to directly induce insulin resistance by chronicallyactivating protein kinase C (PKC). PKC activation terminates insulinsignaling, preventing crucial tyrosine phosphorylation by the insulinreceptor, leading to impaired insulin signaling [15]. MetS is alsoassociated with a state of chronic inflammation. Adipocyte leakage hasrecently been shown to result in the recruitment of macrophages, whichenvelope excess lipids, form foam cells, and release inflammatorycytokines, setting up a state of systemic, chronic inflammation [21,22].These adipokines lead to the systemic activation of several proteinkinases involved in inflammatory signal transduction, includingphosphoinositide-3 kinase (P13K), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) andPKC that singly or in concert cause insulin resistance in skeletalmuscle and adipose tissue [23-25].

-   -   MetS is associated with severe health complications, such as        increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [26]        and represents a growing public health problem [27]. Development        of the MetS is influenced by genetic as well as environmental        factors [28, 29]. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with        MetS culminating by type 2 diabetes are a large and increasing        health problem. Increased atherosclerotic lesions are believed        to form the basis behind the high frequency of CVD in diabetes.        The arterial wall in diabetes harbors not only increased amounts        of atherosclerotic plaques, but also diffuse alterations present        in non-atherosclerotic parts of the vessel wall. One element of        the generalized alterations in the vasculature in diabetes is        endothelial dysfunction [33], characterized by increased        permeability [34], increased expression of pro-inflammatory        molecules [35], and altered vasomotoric responses [36].        Moreover, changes in extracellular matrix components of the        tunica media are present in both atherosclerotic and        nonatheroscleroticparts of the arterial tree in diabetes.        Increased concentrations of collagen type 4 [37], hyaluronic        acid [38], osteopontin, osteoprotegerin [39], and        metalloproteinases [40] have, for example, been described in        conjunction with the presence of high amounts of glucosederived        increased cross-linking of collagens [41]. Decreased amounts of        several gene products related to apoptosis have been observed in        vascular smooth muscle cells from normal appearing areas of        arteries from patients with diabetes [42]. In addition, linear        media calcifications occur with increased frequency among        patients with glucose intolerance and diabetes and are strong        predictors of CVD in these individuals [43,44]. In accordance,        recent studies of non-atherosclerotic arterial alterations in        animal models of type 2 diabetes and hyperglycemia demonstrated        increased aortic stiffness and upregulation of matrix components        [45], increased arterial calcification [46], and accumulation of        glycosaminoglycan-rich material [47]. Thus, defects in several        molecular pathways seem to be present in the arterial wall in        patients with type 2 diabetes. These changes are likely to play        important roles in the arterial response to injury and thus in        the build-up of atherosclerotic plaques in diabetic patients. In        the recent study it was used transcriptional profiling on        well-defined non-atherosclerotic arterial samples from diabetic        individuals. Using pathway and network analysis, the data        display a statistically significant cluster of dysregulated        genes in the arteries of diabetic patients, which is in        accordance with the presence of a diffuse diabetic        macroangiopathy, similar to the diabetic microangiopathy. This        approach has not previously been used, but point towards        dysregulated pathways related to matrix metabolism, triglyceride        synthesis, inflammation, as well as insulin signaling and        apoptosis. Dysregulated gene interactions and pathways in the        cells of the arterial wall in diabetes may play important roles        in the arterial response to injury and atherosclerosis [48].

In recent years, the contribution of oxidized fats to total energyintake has markedly increased in industrialized countries due to therising consumption of deep-fried products [49]. In fast foodrestaurants, foodstuffs are typically fried in fats in fryers attemperatures close to 180° C. During the frying process, severalchemical reactions occur within the frying oil resulting in theformation of a mixture of chemically distinct lipid peroxidationproducts [50]. Large quantities of the frying oil are absorbed into thefried food during deep-frying and therefore ingested during theirconsumption. Feeding experiments with animals revealed that ingestion ofoxidized fats provokes a wide array of biological effects [51-53]. Oneof the most striking effects of oxidized fat is the induction ofoxidative stress which is due to lipid hydroperoxides absorbed from theingested oxidized fats and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated frommicrosomal cytochrome P450 enzymes which are induced by oxidized fat[54-56]. Oxidative stress in animals fed oxidized fats is evident byelevated concentrations of lipid peroxidation products, reducedconcentrations of exogenous and endogenous antioxidants, and a decreasedratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione in plasma and tissues[57-60].Recent studies have shown that consumption of oxidized fatsleads to a reduction of tocopherol concentrations in animal tissues dueto a reduced digestibility and an enhanced turnover of vitamin E[59,60]. Lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) is a well-known marker of oxidativestress formed from unsaturated phospholipids; glycolipids andcholesterol by peroxidative reactions under oxidative stress. Oxidizedlow density lipoproteins (OxLDL) is besides membrane-boundcholesterol-derived hydroperoxides, the main form of LOOH responsiblefor the development of oxidative stress [61]. Lipid peroxides aredirectly involved in mediating endothelial dysfunction, by increasingthe production of thromboxane A, and the expression of cell adhesionmolecules in the vasculature, and also in the peripheral vasculature[62].

While studies have shown that increased body mass index (BMI) can pavethe way to dementia, studies are now discovering that visceral fat'sabnormal metabolic activities make it one of the most important factorswhere heart risk is concerned. Cholesterol and triglyceride levelsgenerally increase. Average health consequences of excess visceral fatinclude:

-   -   Impacted insulin sensitivity and blood sugar utilization.    -   Compromised circulation.    -   Challenged immune system.    -   Increased inflammatory responses.    -   Compromised heart health, overall mobility and longevity.        Pre-existing health conditions may be aggravated. There are        significant changes in the myocardium during the development of        abdominal obesity in the metabolic syndrome [FIG. 3], primarily        of ischemic changes in the nature of the imbalance between the        sharply increased demands for oxygen and substrates metabolism        of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes, and reduced levels of blood        supply. Marked interstitial sclerosis and fatty infiltration of        the interstitium of myocardium and impede the diffusion of        oxygen and substrates of a few capillaries in the working        myocardial cells. Increasing energy needs for the cardiomyocytes        entails the adaptive hyperplasia of mitochondria. Marked        compensatory changes in organelle responsible for calcium        metabolism and conjugation of excitation from contraction,        hyperplasia, sarcoplasmic reticulum, increases the surface of        T-system. However, hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes increases the        discrepancy between the mass of muscle fibers and the deficit in        the microcirculation, which leads to the breakdown of adaptive        mechanisms. Thus, there are destructive and atrophic processes        in place. Occurred depression of respiratory function of        mitochondria, decreased the binding and capture of Ca2 +, the        accumulation of triglycerides, inhibition of fatty acid        oxidation, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of products extended        peroxidation in the myocardium. Accumulation of triglycerides        and fatty acids in the heart muscle cells leads to disruption of        the contractile function of myofibrils, followed by their        atrophy and death [63].    -   Ventricular myocytes contain about 75% of the protein mass of        myocardium and provide a significant contribution to the        “cardiac hypertrophy”. Along with the myocytes in the        myocardium, there are other active cells—fibroblasts, smooth        muscle cells vascular endothelial cells. All of them are also        involved in the development of myocardial pathology, as may        produce local factors that can stimulate myocyte hypertrophy.        Among these factors can result in endothelin, norepinephrine,        angiotensin II, secreted by fibroblasts, tumor necrosis factor,        growth factors, etc [63]. Very important question of how        mechanical stress is converted into biochemical signals. Suggest        that mechanical stress directly alters the conformation of        functional proteins or activates enzymes such as phospholipase.        Myocyte hypertrophy is an accumulation of proteins (in        particular accelerates the synthesis of myofibrillar proteins        (e.g., myosin), and ribosomes). The overall rate of protein        synthesis is defined as its “effectiveness” (the speed with        which the synthesized nascent peptide chains on the ribosome)        and its volume (the relative number of ribosomes). The increase        in protein mass in cardiac hypertrophy is a result of increasing        the volume and efficiency, and synthesis. It is known that        myocytes forming arterial and ventricular able to hypertrophic        growth. The experiments showed that cardiac myocytes retain the        ability to synthesize DNA and re-enter the cell cycle of        development. That growth is explained by myocyte hypertrophy,        infarction, which is expressed in increasing the mass of the        ventricles. Ventricular fibrillation is the form of arrhythmia.        The overwhelming majority of sudden cardiac deaths from        corollary disease are thought to be from ventricular        fibrillation. Atrial Fibrillation (AF), one of the most common        kinds of arrhythmias, is responsible for at least 15 to 20        percent of all ischemic strokes [63].    -   Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the coexistence of hyperglycaemia,        hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. Therefore cardiovascular        diseases such as coronary heart diseases and stroke are more        prevalent among patients with metabolic syndrome [64]. MetS        increases the risk of premature death [30, 31, 32], therefore,        effective and affordable strategies to assist to reduce        cardiometabolic risk factors and control the syndrome would        benefit the population at risk. As such, an important aspect to        consider in dietary recommendations for MetS is the        incorporation of diverse, targeted biologically-active        nutritional compounds to address the multiple underlying        mechanisms of MetS.

E-148-2010/0 claims hesperidin is a flavonoid compound found in citrusfruits for administration of oral hesperidin to patients with metabolicsyndrome to attenuate biomarkers of inflammation and improve bloodvessel relaxation, lipid cholesterol profiles, and insulin sensitivity.Thus, claims hesperidin and its active aglycone form, hesperetin, whichmay be effective agents for the treatment of diabetes, obesity,metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemias, and their cardiovascularcomplications including hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heartdisease, and stroke.

-   -   US 2011/0306575 A1 provides a method for using processed        cellulose for lowering values of risk factor measurements for        such diseases as arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease and        diabetes.    -   EP 1 350 516 B1 claims a hydrophobic licorice extract, and        extracts from turmeric, clove and cinnamon for the use of        treating metabolic syndrome as well as associated diseases like        visceral obesity and diabetes mellitus. The activity of the        extracts is measured in reference to troglitazone and        pioglitazone.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,202,222 B2 claims dihydroquercetin and root-derivedaralosides for the use of treating obesity and fat loss promotion.

CA 2 526 589 A1 describes ligands of PPAR-gamma, in particular glabrene,glabridine, glabrol and their derivatives, and glitazones. Thesecompounds are mentioned in connection with the multiple risk factorsyndrome, another name of the metabolic syndrome, which is related toinsulin resistance and can be treated with PPAR-gamma ligands. Alsodescribed is a licorice extract for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

JP 2005/097216 mentions dehydrodieugenol A and B, magnolol, oleanic acidand betulic acid as PPAR-gamma ligands that are useful for preventing orameliorating metabolic syndrome.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,173 B1 claims a red yeast rice, coenzyme Q₁₀, andchromium with or without inositol hexanicotinate, selenium and mixedtocoferols to reduce or control blood cholesterol, triglycerides, lowdensity lipoproteins, to reduce arterial plaque build-up,atherosclerosis in mammal.

US 2010/0291050 A1 claims a nutritional composition for reducingoxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in humans, where is thecompositions comprise adaptogens such as astragalus root, ashwagandharoot, cordyceps, holy basil leaf, maca root, reishi mashrooms,schizandra, and suma root; superfruits comprising acerola, camu-camu,pomegranate, bilberry, blueberry, Goji berries, Acai, maitake, citrusbioflavonoids, rose hips and Gingko biloba.

McCue, Patrick et al. (Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13(4)(2004):401-408) also describe the efficacy of extracts of oregano andspecific compounds, e.g. rosmarinic acid and Quercetin on the activityof a-amylase through the inhibition of the enzyme. Symptoms likehyperglycaemia, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes impaired glucosetolerance could be treated.

The essential nutritional novel compounds have been used individually tohelp in various health pathologies and disorders, and thus have a longhistory of safe use in humans. However, neither of these compounds hasbeen used to assist in reducing and controlling cardiometabolic riskfactors in mammals, and in particular in humans. Thus, there exists aneed for nutritional novel compounds to be used as nutraceutical agentsfor the assistance to prevent and/or manage metabolic syndrome andcardiovascular disorders and related diseases, particularly,cholesterol- or lipid-related disorders, such as, for example,atherosclerosis.

Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is the flavonoid compound having moleculestructure is based on C6—C3—C6 skeleton consisting of two aromatic ringsjoined by a three carbon link with the absence of the C2—C3 double bondand have two chiral carbon atoms in, position 2 and 3 [FIG. 4]. The Aring of the flavonoid structure being acetate derived (3×C2) and the Cand 13 rings originating from cinnamic acid derivatives (phenylpropanoidpathway). Consequently, the B-ring can be either in the (2S)- or(2R)-configuration. The C-3 atom of dihydroflavonol Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) bears both a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group, and istherefore an additional center of asymmetry [73]. Thus, fourstereoisomers are possible for each dihydroflavonol structure, (2R,3R),(2R,3S), (2S,3R), and (2S,3S). All four configurations have been foundin naturally occurring dihydroflavonols, but the (2R,3R)-configurationis by far the most common. Conifer wood species, especially those fromthe family of Pinaceae are considered rich sources of flavonoidDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) [65-72].

Arabinogalactans are class of long, densely branched low andhigh-molecular polysaccharides MW: 3,000-120,000 [FIG. 5]. The molecularstructures of water-soluble arabinogalactans from different hardwoodspecies have been intensively investigated. Arabinogalactans consist ofa main chain of b-D-(1fi3)-galactopyranose units (b-D-(1fi3)-Galp) wheremost of the main-chain units carry a side chain on C-6[fi3,6)-Galp-(1fi]. Almost half of these side chains are b-D-(1fi6)-Galpdimers, and about a quarter are single Galp units. The rest containthree or more units. Arabinose is present both in the pyranose (Arap)and furanose (Araf) forms, attached to the side chains as arabinobiosylgroups [b-L-Arap-(1fi3)-LAraf-(1fi] or as terminal a-L-Araf e.g. asingle L-arabinofuranose unit or3-O-(β-L-arabinopyranosyl)-α-L-arabinofuranosyl units [74-77].

After screening of a large number of vegetable by-products, wereobtained numerous dietary fibers with exceptional biological antioxidantcapacity from fruits and other vegetable materials. These fibers combinein a single material the physiological effects of both dietary fiber andantioxidants [78]. Dietary fiber arabinogalactan from hardwoods, mainlyfrom Larix dahurica (Larix gmelinii), Larix sibirica, Larix sukaczewiilarch wood species, i.e. larch arabinogalactan can be defined as a fibercontaining significant amounts of natural antioxidants, mainlyDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) associated naturally to the fiber matrixwith the following specific characteristics: 1. Dietary fiber content,higher than 70% dry matter basis. 2. One gram of dietary fiber larcharabinogalactan should have a capacity to inhibit lipid oxidationequivalent to, at least, 1,000 nmol TE/gram basing on ORAC value. 3 Onegram of dietary fiber larch arabinogalactan should have a capacity ofCell-based Antioxidant. Protection (CAP-e) to protect live cells fromoxidative damage to, at least 6 CAP-e units per gram, where the CAP-evalue is in Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) units [FIG. 7]. 4. Theantioxidant capacity possess an intrinsic property, derived from naturalconstituents of the material (soluble in digestive fluids) not by addedantioxidants or by previous chemical or enzymatic treatments [FIG. 8].The table in FIG. 8 shows the results obtained in vitro, and presentedin the following order: the antioxidant capacities as determined by theFRAP, TEAC, and deoxyribose assays. All the samples investigated werefound to exhibit antioxidative properties. The FRAP assay takesadvantage of electron-transfer reactions. Herein, a ferric salt,Fe(III)(TPTZ)₂Cl₃ (TPTZ=2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine), is used as anoxidant. The reaction detects species with redox potentials <0.7 V [theredox potential of Fe(III)(TPTZ)₂], so FRAP is a reasonable screen forthe ability to maintain redox status in cells or tissues. Reducing powerappears to be related to the degree of hydroxylation and extent ofconjugation in flavonoids. However, FRAP actually measures only thereducing capability based on ferric iron, which is not relevant toantioxidant activity mechanistically and physiologically. The TEAC assayis based on the formation of ferrylmyoglobin radical (from reaction ofmetmyoglobin with H₂O₂), which may then react with ABTS[2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid] to produce theABTS^(*+) radical. ABTS^(*+) is intensively colored, and AC is measuredas the ability of the test species to decrease the color by reactingdirectly with the ABTS^(*+) radical. Results of test species areexpressed relative to Trolox. Deoxyribose assays: Hydroxyl radicals,generated by reaction of an iron-EDTA complex with H₂O₂ in the presenceof ascorbic acid, attack deoxyribose to form products that, upon heatingwith thiobarbituric acid at low pH, yield a pink chromogen. Addedhydroxyl radical “scavengers” compete with deoxyribose for the hydroxylradicals produced and diminish chromogen formation. A rate constant forreaction of the scavenger with hydroxyl radical can be deduced from theinhibition of color formation. For a wide range of compounds, rateconstants obtained in this way are similar to those determined by pulseradiolysis. It is suggested that the deoxyribose assay is a simple andcheap alternative to pulse radiolysis for determination of rateconstants for reaction of most biological molecules with hydroxylradicals.

-   -   Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) possess superior antioxidant        activity [FIG. 8] to suppress affects of free radicals [79-85].        Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) can, penetrate the human        erythrocytes easily and protect from oxidative damage [FIGS.        6-7]. Protocol for the empirical studies illustrated in FIG. 6        can be described as follows:    -   For each test product, 0.4 g was mixed with 4 mL 0.9% saline at        physiological pH. Products were mixed by inversion and then        vortexed. Solids were removed by centrifugation at 2400 rpm for        10 minutes. The supernatant of the products was removed and then        filtered for use in the CAP-e assay. Red blood cells were        treated in duplicate with serial dilutions of the test products.        Negative controls (untreated red blood cells) and positive        controls (red blood cells treated with oxidizing agent) were        performed in hexaplicate. The antioxidants not able to enter the        cells were removed by centrifugation and aspiration of        supernatant above the cell pellet. The cells were exposed to        oxidative damage by addition of the peroxyl free-radical        generator AAPH. Using the indicator dye DCF-DA, which becomes        fluorescent as a result of oxidative damage, the degree of        antioxidant damage was recorded by measuring the fluorescence        intensity of each test sample. The inhibition of oxidative        damage was calculated as the reduced fluorescence intensity of        product-treated cells, compared to cells treated only with the        oxidizing agent. The CAP-e value reflects the IC50 dose of the        test product, i.e. the dose that provided 50% inhibition of        oxidative damage. This is then compared to the IC50 dose of the        known antioxidant Gallic Acid.        Protocol for the empirical studies illustrated in FIG. 7 can be        described as follows:    -   For each test product, 0.3 g was mixed with 3 mL 0.9% saline at        physiological pH. Test products were mixed by inversion and then        vortexed. After 15 minutes, solids were removed by        centrifugation at 2400 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant of        the product was removed and then filtered for use in the CAP-e        assay. Red blood cells were treated in duplicate with serial        dilutions of the test products. Samples of untreated red blood        cells (negative controls) and samples of red blood cells treated        with oxidizing agent but not with an antioxidant-containing test        products (positive controls) were prepared in hexaplicate. The        antioxidants not able to enter the cells were removed by        centrifugation and aspiration of supernatant above the cell        pellet. The cells were exposed to oxidative damage by addition        of the peroxyl free-radical generator AAPH. Using the indicator        dye DCF-DA, which becomes fluorescent as a result of oxidative        damage, the degree of antioxidant damage was recorded by        measuring the fluorescence intensity of each test sample. The        inhibition of oxidative damage was calculated as the reduced        fluorescence intensity of product-treated cells, compared to        cells treated only with the oxidizing agent. The CAP-e value        reflects the IC50 dose of the test product, i.e. the dose that        provided 50% inhibition of oxidative damage. This is then        compared to the IC50 dose of the known antioxidant Gallic Acid.    -   Erythrocytes supplemented with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)        exhibited high resistance against the oxdative stress and        haemolysis produced by phenylhydrazine and the lysis induced by        osmotic shock. This suggests that Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)        may act by increasing the stability of the erythrocyte membrane.        Pre-incubation of RBCs with water-soluble Dihydroquercetin        (taxifolin) for 30 min significantly reduced the peroxyl radical        (AAPH)-induced hemolysis to 32.5±5.6%. Dihydroquercetin        (taxifolin) was highly effective in reducing phospholipase        C-induced hemolysis (45.4±10.0% versus vehicle 75.7±5.2%,        P<0.001). Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) showed a greater potency        of inhibiting xanthine-oxidase-dependent superoxide generation        (EC50: 17.4±3.6 μM vs 70.8±19.3 μM, P<0.001).

Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) can modulate the expression of severalgenes, including those coding for detoxification enzymes, cell cycleregulatory proteins, growth factors. and DNA repair proteins.Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) significantly activates AntioxidantResponse Element. ARE (Antioxidant Response Element) in the promoterregion of the human NQO1 gene contains AP-1 or AP-1-like DNA bindingsites, and AP-1 proteins have been implicated in the formation orfunction of this and other ARE complexes. Also, ARE-binding proteins ininducing cerebral MT-1 expression and implicates MT-1 as one of theearly detoxifying genes in an endogenous defense response to cerebralischemia and reperfusion [86,87].

It have been demonstrated in numerous studies in vitro and ex vivo thatDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) inhibits lipid peroxidation, a process thatoften leads to atherosclerosis [88-90]. In an animal study,Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) inhibited the peroxidation of serum andliver lipids following exposure to toxic ionizing radiation [91].Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)'s inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidationare enhanced by both vitamin C and vitamin E [92]. By inhibiting theoxidation of harmful low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) may help prevent atherosclerosis [93].

-   -   Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) can enhance the production of        glutathione, block the production of reactive oxygen species,        and prevent the late influx of calcium, all of which are        activities that prevent specific events in the cell death        pathway. Oxidised glutathione concentration and the        oxidised/reduced glutathione ratio always increased by        proinflammatory stimuli in parenchymal liver cells e.g.        cytokines. These effects were significantly prevented by        Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) at all tested concentrations.        Glutathione prexidase (GPx) protein level was significantly        increased by Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) in 25 and 50 μM        concentrations. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) prevented the cell        death induced by GSH (glutathione) depletion. For example,        taxifolin has an EC50 of 30 μM for the protection of the RGC-5        cells from oxidative stress induced by GSH depletion but an        EC50>50 μM for protection of the CNS-derived mouse HT22 cells        from a similar insult [94,95].    -   One of the important ways in which Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)        may limit the cytokines plain is by preventing elevation of        oxidized glutathione concentration and the oxidized/reduced        glutathione ratio induced by inflammatory cytokines [96].        Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) prevents calcium influx, the last        step in the cell death process. By inducing the expression of        antioxidant defense enzymes, it has the potential to have        long-lasting effects on cellular function. This, in turn, could        be highly beneficial to cells exposed to chronic oxidative        stress [97]. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) processes benefit        results in both intracellular and extracellular environments.        Studies in erythrocytes, mast cells, leucocytes, macrophages and        hepatocytes have shown that Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) renders        cell membranes more resistant to lesions. Dihydroquercetin        (taxifolin) protects the inner walls of the blood vessels and        capillaries against destructive enzymes, decay and free radical        damage [98].    -   Partial degradation of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) by GIT        microbiota results to the formation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenilacetic        acid, another valuable antioxidant. Effect of the this microbial        phenolic 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4-DHPAA), on        modulation of the production of the main pro-inflammatory        cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) had been yet confirmed. The        production of these cytokines by lipopolysaccharide        (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)        pre-treated with the phenolic metabolite was studied in healthy        volunteers. With the exception of 4-HHA for TNF-α secretion, the        dihydroxylated compound, 3,4-DHPAA significantly inhibited the        secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated        PBMC. Mean inhibition of the secretion of TNF-α by 3,4-DHPAA was        86.4%. The concentrations of IL-6 in the culture supernatant        were reduced by 92.3% with 3,4-DHPAA pre-treatment. Finally,        inhibition was slightly higher for IL-1β on 97.9% by 3,4-DHPAA.        These results indicate that dihydroxylated phenolic acids        derived from microbial metabolism of Dihydroquercetin        (taxifolin) present marked anti-inflammatory properties,        providing additional information about the health benefits of        dietary polyphenols and their potential value as therapeutic        agents [99]. It has been shown that microbial metabolites such        as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic were more effective than rutin and        quercetin precursors in inhibiting platelet aggregation in vitro        [100].    -   Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) may have applications to assist in        the management of stroke, a crippling, often fatal condition        marked by a diminished supply of blood and oxygen to the brain.        Studies of the effects of oxygen deprivation in rat brains        demonstrated that Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) helps to decrease        the damage caused by lack of blood flow [101]. Additionally,        Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) helps to restore normal structure        and electrochemical activity to nerve synapses, the junctions        that allow nerve cells to transmit information [102].

Infarction in adult rat brain was induced by middle cerebral arterialocclusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion to examine whetherDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) could reduce cerebral ischemic reperfusion(CI/R) injury. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) administration (0.1 and 1.0microg/kg, i.v.) 60 min after MCAO ameliorated infarction (by 42%+/−7%and 62%+/−6%, respectively), which was accompanied by a dramaticreduction in malondialdehyde and nitrotyrosine adduct formation, twomarkers for oxidative tissue damage. Overproduction of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) via oxidative enzymes (e.g., COX-2and iNOS) was responsible for this oxidative damage. Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) inhibited leukocyte infiltration, and COX-2 and iNOSexpressions in CI/R-injured brain. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) alsoprevented Mac-1 and ICAM-1 expression, two key counter-receptorsinvolved in firm adhesion/transmigration of leukocytes to theendothelium, which partially accounted for the limited leukocyteinfiltration. ROS, generated by leukocytes and microglial cells,activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) that in turn signaledup-regulation of inflammatory proteins. NF-kappaB activity in CI/R wasenhanced 2.5-fold over that of sham group and was inhibited byDihydroquercetin (taxifolin). Production of both ROS and NO byleukocytes and microglial cells was significantly antagonized byDihydroquercetin (taxifolin). These data suggest that amelioration ofCI/R injury by Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) may be attributed to itsanti-oxidative effect, which in turn modulates NF-kappaB activation thatmediates CI/R injury [103].

Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is known to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, akey enzyme in cholesterol synthesis [104] and lower plasma triglycerideslevels [105, 106]. It is consistent with the activity of other compoundsused for the mitigating neglect effects of hypercholesteremia (e.g.statins), which reduce cholesterol and/or triglycerides levels [105].The effects of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) on lipid, apolipoprotein B(apoB), and apo-lipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) synthesis and secretion weredetermined in HepG2 cells. Pretreatment of cells with (+−)-taxifolin ledto an inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in a dose-and time-dependentmanner, with an 86+−3% inhibition at 200 umol observed within 24 h. Asto the mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect, Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) was shown to inhibit the activity of HMG-CoA reductase by47+−7%. In addition, cellular cholesterol esterification, andtriacylglycerol and phospholipid syntheses, were also significantlysuppressed in the presence of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin). ApoA-I andapoB synthesis and secretion were then studied by pulse-chaseexperiments. ApoA-I secretion was found to increase by 36+−10%. Incontrast, an average reduction of 61+−8% in labeled apoB in the mediumwas apparent with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) [107]. Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) was shown to markedly reduce apoB secretion under basal andlipid-rich conditions up to 63% at 200 micromol/L. As to the mechanismunderlying this effect, was examined whether Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) exerted its effect by limiting triglycerides (TG)availability in the microsomal lumen essential for lipoprotein assembly.Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) was shown to inhibit microsomal TGsynthesis by 37% and its subsequent transfer into the lumen (−26%). Thereduction in synthesis was due to a decrease in diacylglycerolacyltransferase (DGAT) activity (−35%). The effect on DGAT activity wasfound to be non-competitive and non-transcriptional in nature. BothDGAT-1 and DGAT-2 mRNA expression remained essentially unchangedsuggesting the point of regulation may be at the post-transcriptionallevel. Evidence is accumulating that microsomal triglyceride transferprotein (MTP) is also involved in determining the amount of lumenal TGavailable for lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) was shown to inhibit this enzyme by 41%. Whether thereduction in TG accumulation in the microsomal lumen is predominantlydue to DGAT and/or MTP activity remains to be addressed. In summary,Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) reduced apoB secretion by limiting TGavailability via DGAT and MTP activity [108].

The in vivo studies demonstrated improved glucose tolerance, lowerinsulin levels, lower triglyceride (TG) mass in tissues, lower plasma TGand cholesterol levels, and a decrease in serum ApoB levels as theresults of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) exposure. These metabolicbenefits are due at least in part to peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR) activation that occurred like in case ofDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) supplementation. Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) and its metabolites may exert their effect on PPARexpression indirectly by affectin protein signaling upstream of PPARaand PPARy or by direct binding activity, as well as with observedeffects on protein downstreat of PPAR such as ApoA and GLUT2.Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) supplementation of HepG2 cells resulted inan increase of PPARa expression. Results for PPARy were nearly identicalto those for PPARa. The activation dosage was established up to 100 μMin mice. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is associated with dose dependentincrease in both PPARa and PPARy expressions [109]. DI-IQ results in thephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS-1, thus enhancinginsulin signaling within the cell [110,111]. Since PPARa and PPARy canbe activated by phosphorylation through the insulin sensitive P13 kinasepathway, the possibility exists that PPARa and PPARy upregulationoccurred as the result of insulin mimic action by Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin). PPAR activation could be occurring through epidermal growthfactor inhibition (EGF). EGF and PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)both, when activated, inhibit PPARy expression through MAP kinasesignaling, which in turn inhibited by Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin). TheDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) mediated PPAR response can in turn improveglucose uptake into cells, enhance insulin sensitivity, improve lipidmetabolism and lipid biomarkers, reduce weight gain, and evenbeneficially impact endothelial function, inflammation, and other CVDrisk factors. Microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH-cytochromeP-450 reductase was also inhibited by Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin).Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) protected peroxy radical-damagedmitochondria with no effect on enzyme activity [112] In this way,Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) has the potential to effectively support infighting with insulin resistance, diabetes, and heart disease, which isso prelevant around the world. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) alsostabilize blood vessels and protect against factors that causeatherosclerosis and cardiac, hepatic, and bronchio-pulmonary diseases.

It had been studied the effects of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) onfunctional activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients withnon-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)dose-dependently suppressed generation of anion radicals andhypochlorous acid and production of malonic dialdehyde during oxidationof neutrophil membranes. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) decreasedactivities of protein kinase C and myeloperoxidase in activatedpolymorphonuclear neutrophils and could bind transition metals (Fe²⁺).These properties determine the ability of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)to decrease in vivo functional activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophilsfrom patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [113].Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) has been found to help in protectionagainst two common causes of vision loss: macular degeneration andcataract in diabetics. Macular degeneration occurs when an area of theeye's retina that is responsible for detailed vision begins todeteriorate. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) promotes blood flow to thisregion of the eye, which offers protection against vision loss. Also; byinhibiting the activity of an enzyme in the eye lens, Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) may help to prevent cataract formation in diabetic patients[114,115].

Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) prevented the increase in serum aspartateand alanine aminotransferase activities due to the inflammatory reactionand stimulated liver ATP phosphohydrolase activity [116].Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) had been evaluated by different studies asthe small-molecule regulator of signalling cascades as promisinganti-inflammatory agent with biological targets such as COX-2, andrelated pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines,interleukins [ILs], tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α, migration inhibitionfactor [MIF], interferon [IFN]-γ and matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs])implicated in uncontrolled, destructive inflammatory reaction.Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) was effective with relevant biologicaltargets that include nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB), p38mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Janus protein tyrosinekinases and signal transducers and activators of transcription(JAK/STAT) signalling pathways has received growing attention [117-119].Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) had a significant inhibitory effect on theproduction of cytokines, formation of ROS and NO and change inintracellular Ca2+ levels in dendritic cells of bone marrow and spleen[120]. Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) was attributed to its inhibitoryeffects on tyrosinase enzymatic activity, despite its effects onincreasing tyrosinase protein levels [121].

Studies indicate that dihydroquercetin is highly safe and efficacious.In fact, research suggests that dihydroquercetin is even safer than itsnutritional cousin, quercetin [122,123]. No toxic effects were observedin rats that were treated with high levels of dihydroquercetin for longperiods of time [124-131].

Digestive disorders are very common and affect a great number of thepopulation. The typical American diet, which is low in fiber and high inprotein and carbohydrate, is a factor in the prevalence of thesedigestive disorders. Low levels of short-chain fatty acids and elevatedlevels of ammonia are associated with this type of diet. Intake offiber, particularly Larch Arabinogalactan, has been shown to besupportive in combating the detrimental effects caused by poor diet.Larch Arabinogalactan has been shown to increase short-chain fattyacids, decrease colonic ammonia levels, increase the numbers ofbeneficial bacteria in the colon, as well as improve the immuneresponse. These favorable effects of Larch Arabinogalactan have apositive modulation of many of these too-common intestinal factors[132].

Intestinal tracts are exposed to many substances—from antibiotics toprotozoal parasites to sugary, processed foods—that create anunfavorable atmosphere in the colon. The result can be constipation,diarrhea, candidiasis, parasitical infections and other conditionsattributable to poor colon health. Colon cleansing is an important wayto minimize the digestive tract's exposure to the multitude ofmicro-organisms encountered daily. Yet, relatively speaking, a properlyfunctioning colon is actually quite clean compared to one that is filledwith toxic substances, parasites, and pathogenic yeasts, fungi, andbacteria.

Larch Arabinogalactan is also believed to act as a prebiotic; itstimulates the colonic growth of such bacteria as bifid bacteria andlactobacilli that confer certain health benefits. Ingestion of LarchArabinogalactan has a significant effect on enhancing beneficial gutmicroflora, specifically increasing anaerobes such as Lactobacillus.

Short chain fatty acids, primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate,are produced in the colon by fermentation of dietary carbohydrates,particularly from degradation-resistant starches and dietary fiber, playan important role in intestinal health. These acids are the principalenergy source for the colonic epithelial cells. The non-absorbed fiberof Arabinogalactan is easily fermented by the distal gut microflora,resulting in an elevated production of short-chain fatty acids,primarily butyrate, and, to a lesser extent, propionate.

Ammonia is produced as a by-product in the colon by bacterialfermentation of protein and other nitrogen-containing substances.Research indicates that ammonia levels as low as 5 mmol/L can havedetrimental effects on epithelial cells that line the colon. Thetoxicity of ammonia toward colonic epithelial cells can lead to celldestruction and increased turnover of these cells.

Many clinicians use prebiotics as a supplemental support for intestinalconditions including diverticulosis, leaky-gut, irritable bowelsyndrome, as well as inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's diseaseand ulcerative colitis. Studies have shown that Larch Arabinogalactanconsumption reduces intestinal ammonia generation [132]. Since even lowammonia levels can have damaging effects on intestinal colonic cells,Larch Arabinogalactan can be supportive to patients who are unable todetoxify ammonia.

The relationship between dietary fiber intake and cardiometabolic riskfactors has been noted in many studies [133, 134]. The use of solublefibers is one of the diet strategies shown to decrease serum cholesterolconcentrations [135]. Based on data from controlled clinical trials ithas been estimated that daily intake of 2-10 grams, per day (g/d) ofsoluble fiber significantly decreases total and LDL-cholesterol [136].

Besides a hypolipidemic effect, there is a growing body of literaturesuggesting that soluble fibers also lower blood pressure [137] andcardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in general [138,139]. Soluble, dietaryfiber consumption has been inversely related to hypertension [140] anddiastolic blood pressure [141.] and several intervention studies ofsoluble fibers have reported blood pressure reductions in bothhypertensive and normotensive individuals [142-145]. However, thepractical utility of soluble fibers as hypocholesterolemic andhypotensive agents is often limited by the lower gastrointestinal sideeffects associated with increased consumption and related to theirfermentability. Many trials have investigated the effects of soluble,dietary fiber on cardiometabolic risk factors. For example, severaltrials have been conducted to test the effectiveness of various soluble,dietary fibers to modify cardiovascular disease. Results, however, havebeen highly variable. Furthermore, despite multiple theories of themechanism by which soluble fiber acts to decrease serum cholesterollevels and attenuate glucose and insulin response, it is still unclearhow such fibers exert their effects.

Dietary fiber arabinogalactan from hardwoods, mainly from larch woodspecies, i.e. larch arabinogalactan can be defined as a fiber containingsignificant amounts of natural antioxidants, mainly Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) [FIGS. 7-8] associated naturally to the fiber matrix withthe following specific characteristics: 1. Dietary fiber content, higherthan 70% dry matter basis. 2. One gram of dietary fiber larcharabinogalactan should have a capacity to inhibit lipid oxidationequivalent to, at least, 1,000 umol TE/gram basing on ORAC value. 3. Onegram of dietary fiber larch arabinogalactan should have a capacity ofCell-based Antioxidant Protection (CAP-e) to protect live cells fromoxidative damage to, at least 6 CAP-e units per gram, where the CAP-evalue is in Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) units. 4. The antioxidantcapacity possess an intrinsic property, derived from naturalconstituents of the material (soluble in digestive fluids) not by addedantioxidants or by previous chemical or enzymatic treatments.

Except soluble dietary fiber larch arabinogalactan, the practical use ofsoluble fibers is limited by the untoward side effects associated withincreased consumption. Studies have reported gastrointestinaldiscomfort, including flatulence, bloating, nausea, feeling of fullness,and loose stools. In addition, many soluble fibers have marginalpalatability (e.g., guar gum) or are difficult to consume frequentlybecause of their energy content (e.g., oatmeal). These issues limit thequantity of soluble fiber a person can consume, and thus, limit theamount of benefit to be experienced. However, soluble dietary fiberlarch arabinogalactan and larch arabinogalactan consisting naturallywith flavonoid Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) possess minimum discomfortfor consumers with mentioned side effects, same time deliverseffectiveness to attenuate cardiometabolic risk factors. It has been nowdiscovered that nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin),Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) are effective to reduce and control cardiometabolic riskfactors associated with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia in amammal, specifically a human, resulting in the enhancement ofmetabolism, reducing or control levels of cholesterol and triglycerides,reducing oxidative damage in humans and resultant health benefits.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is the goal of the present invention to provide nutritional compoundsDihydroquercetin (taxifolin), Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactancombined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and a nutritional compositionor preparation comprises one or more of these active nutritionalcompounds with particular exceptional potential to reduce and controlcardiometabolic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome andhypercholesterolemia in a mammal, specifically a human, resulting in theenhancement of metabolism, reducing or control levels of cholesterol andtriglycerides, reducing oxidative damage in humans and resultant healthbenefits.

Therefore the present invention provides the use of a plant extracts inthe form of nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin),Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) for the production of a nutritional composition orpreparation to reduce and control cardiometabolic risk factors, whereinthe plant extracts in the form of nutritional compounds are fromconiferous wood selected, from the group consisting of

-   -   wood of Larix genus;    -   spruce wood of the genus Picea;    -   fir wood of the genus Abies;    -   pine wood of the genus Pinus;    -   wood of Pseudotsuga genus        or the wood is hardwood.

Thus, the nutritional composition or preparation according to thepresent invention and nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactan combined withDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) itself keeps you healthy, brings theanti-cardiometabolic risk factors solution, prevents and/or controland/or reduce the metabolic syndrome disorders and/or makes you happy inyour physiological state.

One object of the present invention is the use of a nutritionalcomposition or preparation comprising Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin),Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) as anti-cardiometabolic risk agents, wherein the compositionor preparation is administered orally to mammals, specifically humans.Preferably Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), Arabinogalactan, andArabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) separately orin combination are the only active anti-cardiometabolik risk ingredientsin the composition or preparation.

In further embodiments of the present invention also derivatives such asesters and physiologically/nutraceutically/pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), Arabinogalactan, andArabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) may be usedinstead of nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin),Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin). It is also possible to use a mixture of nutritionalcompounds and their derivatives.

In further embodiments the metabolic syndrome is associated withdiabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypolipidaemia, insulin resistance orarteriosclerosis. Cardiovascular diseases are a consequence of metabolicsyndrome and can also be an associated indicator of metabolic syndrome.Symptoms of these diseases normally occur in the development ofmetabolic syndrome and can be attenuated by the inventive preparations.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to reducingtriglyceride levels, reducing total cholesterol, reducing meanVLDL-cholesterol, and decreasing lipoproteins in humans havingcardiometabolic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome andhypercholesterolemia.

The methods of the invention preferably result in achieving at leastthree of the following (preferably four, most preferably all five):lowering triglyceride levels, raising HDL-cholesterol levels, loweringLDL-cholesterol levels, lowering Apo C levels, and/or loweringfibrinogen levels in the human during nutritional intake period ofnutritional compounds separately or in combination.

Another further object of the invention is the use of nutritionalcompounds to suppress affects of free radicals on a living cells andprotect from oxidative damage, to help in inhibiting lipid peroxidation,a process that often leads to atherosclerosis, microsomal lipidperoxidation induced by enzymes, to help to render cell membranes moreresistant to lesions, to protects the inner walls of the blood vesselsand capillaries against destructive enzymes, decay and free radicaldamage.

Another further object of the invention is the use of nutritionalcompounds to modulate the expression of several genes, including thosecoding for detoxification enzymes, cell cycle regulatory proteins,growth factors, and DNA repair proteins, to activate AntioxidantResponse Element, early detoxifying genes in an endogenous defenseresponse to cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, help to enhance theproduction of glutathione, help to block the production of reactiveoxygen species, and to assist in preventing the late influx of calcium,all of which are activities that prevent specific events in the celldeath pathway.

Another further object of the invention is the use of nutritionalcompounds to modulate of the production of the main pro-inflammatorycytokines as promising anti-inflammatory agents with biological targetssuch as COX-2, and related pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines andchemokines, interleukins [ILs], tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α,migration inhibition factor [MIF], interferon [IFN]-γ and matrixmetalloproteinases [MMPs]) implicated in uncontrolled, destructiveinflammatory reaction.

Further the invention relates to the use of nutritional compounds tosupportive in combating the detrimental effects caused by poor diet,wherein the nutritional compounds has been shown to increase short-chainfatty acids, decrease colonic ammonia levels, increase the numbers ofbeneficial bacteria in the colon, as well as improve the immuneresponse.

In particular, the invention relates to the use of nutritional compoundsas mentioned above to effectively support in fighting with insulinresistance, diabetes, and heart disease, stabilize blood vessels andprotect against factors that cause atherosclerosis and cardiac, hepatic,and bronchio-pulmonary diseases e.g. for maintaining and/or improvingmammals cardiometabolic physiological state and health, prevention ofcardiometabolic risk factors e.g. increasing healthy lifestyle level inmammals, providing support to maintain healthy lifestyle level inmammals, specifically a human, and lessening cardiometabolic and/ormetabolic syndrome problems.

Other features of the present invention will become apparent. Additionaladvantages and novel features of the invention will also become moreapparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the followingor upon learning by practice of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS AND ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The following drawings form part of the present specification and areincluded to further demonstrate certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these drawings in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 1 depicts different cardiometabolic risk factors.

FIG. 2 depicts the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) disorders, the combinationof medical disorders that affect a large number of people in a clusteredfashion.

FIG. 3 depicts the accumulation of fatty tissue and how it envelopes theheart.

FIG. 4 depicts steric structure of Dihydroquercetine (taxifolin)molecule.

FIG. 5 depicts Larch Arabinogalactan molecule component units.

FIG. 6 depicts mean of antioxidant capacity ex vivo of Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin)—Cell-based Antioxidant Protection (CAP-e) against peroxylradical.

FIG. 7 depicts mean of antioxidant capacity of Larch Arabinogalactan incombination with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)—Cell-based AntioxidantProtection (CAP-e) against peroxyl radical.

FIG. 8 depicts the antioxidant capacities results in vitro obtained forDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and Larch Arabinogalactan in combinationwith Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), where the antioxidant capacities aredetermined by the FRAP, TEAC, and deoxyribose assays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention utilizes nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), Arabinogalactan, and Arabinogalactan combined withDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) in nutritional composition or preparationwhether by enhancing the diet with specific low glycemic dietary solublefiber Arabinogalactan and phytochemical supplementation byDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) could improve cardiometabolic outcomes insubjects associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) andhypercholesterolemia, wherein low glycemic load diet with a combinationof phytochemicals addressing multiple inflammatory and insulin signalingpathways simultaneously are a novel, effective means to managing MetS.This comprehensive, supplemented lifestyle program represents apotentially powerful approach to the management of at risk individualswith MetS and hypercholesterolemia.

Also disclosed herein is the method of reducing or controlcardiometabolic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome andhypercholesterolemia or preventing metabolic syndrome andhypercholesterolemia with a preparation described herein. “Preventing”or “prevention” herein does not require absolute success in the sense ofan absolute prevention but indicates a reduced risk of developingmetabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia. FIG. 1 depicts differentcardiometabolic risk factors, wherein most therapeutic treatments forhypercholesterolemia focus on achieving LDL goals recommended by NCEP.However, the NHANES 2003-2004 showed that despite better control of LDL,other lipid risk factors remained suboptimal in many US adults,particularly among those with CVD, diabetes, or MetS. Non-HDLcholesterol, a stronger predictor of CVD and mortality risk than LDL,has now been added by the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III as a secondarytarget of therapy. In addition, because apo B indicates the total numberof atherogenic lipoprotein particles and apo A-I, a major lipoprotein inHDL, has a critical role in reverse cholesterol transport, the apo B/apoA-I (as well as apo B concentration) has been proposed as a risk factorfor CVD. Increasing evidence from multiple studies has repeatedly shownthat the apo B/apo A-I predicts cardiovascular risk—the lower the ratio,the lower is the risk—and is a better marker than LDL and lipid ratios.In the Inter-Heart study, the, apo B/apo A-I was the strongestdeterminant of MI risk, even higher than smoking. It can be stated theapo B/apo A-I might be the best marker of the balance of atherogenic andantiatherogenic particles.

The term Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) as used herein refers to flavonoidDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) obtainable from natural sources such asfrom products and by-products derived from coniferous wood or the woodis hardwood by extraction and/or purification. The purity of flavonoidDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) can be determined by methods known to aperson skilled in the art such as e.g. by HPLC, or LC-MS. Furthermore,the term Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) also encompassesphysiologically//nutraceutically/pharmaceutically acceptable salts andesters. One or several of the hydoxy groups of Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) may also be etherified or esterified to form for exampleacetates.

Examples of references that deal with the extraction of Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) from coniferous wood or the wood is hardwood by extractionand/or purification are WO Pat. No. 00/37479; WO Pat. No. 2010/095969A1; U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,098; EP Pat. No. 86608; U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,969which disclose a methods of extraction and/or purification ofDihydroquercetin (taxifolin).

The term Arabinogalactan as used herein refers to polysaccharideArabinogalactan obtainable from natural sources such as from productsand by-products derived from coniferous wood or the wood is hardwood byextraction and/or purification. The purity of polysaccharideArabinogalactan can be determined by methods known to a person skilledin the art such as e.g. by HPLC, or LC-MS or Analysator or sizeexclusion chromatography (SEC). Furthermore, the term Arabinogalactanalso encompasses Physiologically//nutraceutically/pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and esters.

Examples of references that deal with the extraction of polysaccharideArabinogalactan from coniferous wood or the wood is hardwood are U.S.Pat. No. 5,756,098; EP Pat. No. 86608; U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,751; U.S.Pat. No. 1,339,489; U.S. Pat. No. 1,861,933: U.S. Pat. No. 2,832,765;U.S. Pat. No. 3,337,526; U.S. Pat. No. 1,358,129; U.S. Pat. No.2,073,616; U.S. Pat. No. 3,325,473; U.S. Pat No. 5,116,969; U.S. Pat.No. 1,913,607; U.S. Pat. No. 2,008,892 which disclose a methods ofextraction and/or purification of polysaccharide Arabinogalactan.

The term Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) asused herein refers to substance of polysaccharide Arabinogalactancombined with flavonoid Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and obtainable fromnatural sources such as from products and by-products derived fromconiferous wood or the wood is hardwood by extraction and/orpurification i.e. arabinogalactan can be defined as a fiber containingsignificant amounts of natural antioxidants, mainly Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) associated naturally to the polysaccharide or fiber matrixwith the following specific characteristics: 1. Dietary fiber content,higher than 70% dry matter basis. 2. One gram of dietary fiber larcharabinogalactan should have a capacity to inhibit lipid oxidationequivalent to, at least, 1,000 umol TE/gram basing on ORAC value. 3. Onegram of dietary fiber larch arabinogalactan should have a capacity ofCell-based Antioxidant Protection (CAP-e) to protect live cells fromoxidative damage to, at least 6 CAP-e units per gram, where the CAP-evalue is in Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) units. 4. The antioxidantcapacity possess an intrinsic property, derived from naturalconstituents of the material (soluble in digestive fluids) not by addedantioxidants or by previous chemical or enzymatic treatments. The purityof Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) can bedetermined by methods known to a person skilled in the art such as e.g.by HPLC, or LC-MS or Analysator or size exclusion chromatography (SEC).Furthermore, the term Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) also encompassesPhysiologically//nutraceutically/pharmaceutically acceptable salts andesters.

Examples of references that deal with the extraction of Arabinogalactancombined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) from coniferous wood or thewood is hardwood are U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,098, EP Pat. No. 86608 whichdisclose a methods of extraction and/or purification of polysaccharideArabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin).

The daily oral dosage of Dihydroquercetin for humans (usually determinedfor a 70 kg person) is at least 100 mg. Preferably the daily dosageshould be in the range of from about 1 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day, morepreferably from about 5 mg/day to about 500 mg/day, most preferably from10 to 100 mg/day.

The daily oral dosage of Arabinogalactan for humans (usually determinedfor a 70 kg person) is at least 10 g. Preferably the daily dosage shouldbe in the range of from about 0.5 g/day to, about 1.5 g/day, morepreferably from about 1 g/day to about 5 g/day, most preferably from 5to 10 g/day.

The daily oral dosage for humans (usually determined for a 70 kg person)of Arabinogalactan combined with at least 1% up to 30% ofDihydroquerceting is at least 10 g. Preferably the daily dosage shouldbe in the range of from about 0.3 g/day to about 15 g/day, morepreferably from about 1 g/day to about 5 g/day, most preferably from 1g/day to 3 g/day.

“The composition or preparation is administered orally to mammals,specifically humans” means that the composition is in any form that canbe eaten or drunk by mammals or put into the stomach of mammals via themouth/jaw.

In all embodiments of the invention, preferably the compositions orpreparations are nutraceutical or phamaceutical, in particularnutraceutical compositions.

The term nutraceutical composition as used herein include food product,foodstuff, dietary supplement, nutritional supplement or a supplementcomposition for a food product or a foodstuff, preferably beverages(e.g. but not limited to sports beverages, functional waters, juices,smoothies; instant drinks), soups, dairy products (e.g. but not limitedto single shot yogurt drinks), nutritional bars, and spreads, inparticular beverages and nutritional bars.

As used herein, the term food product refers to any food or feedsuitable for consumption by humans or animals. The food product may be aprepared and packaged food (e.g., mayonnaise, salad dressing, bread, orcheese food) or an animal feed (e.g., extruded and pelleted animal feed,coarse mixed feed or pet food composition). As used herein the termfoodstuff refers to any substance fit for human or animal consumption.The term dietary supplement refers to a small amount of a compound forsupplementation of a human or animal diet packaged in single or multipledose units. Dietary supplements do not generally provide significantamounts of calories but may contain other micronutrients (e.g., vitaminsor minerals). The term nutritional supplement refers to a compositioncomprising a dietary supplement in combination with a source ofcalories. In some embodiments, nutritional supplements are mealreplacements or supplements (e.g., nutrient or energy bars or nutrientbeverages or concentrates).

Food products or foodstuffs are for example beverages such asnon-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks as well as liquid preparation to beadded to drinking water and liquid food, non-alcoholic drinks are forinstance soft drinks, sport drinks, fruit juices, such as for exampleorange juice, apple juice and grapefruit juice; lemonades, teas,near-water drinks and milk and other dairy drinks such as for exampleyoghurt drinks, and diet drinks. In another embodiment food products orfoodstuffs refer to solid or semi-solid foods comprising the compositionaccording to the invention. These forms can include, but are not limitedto baked goods such as cakes and cookies, puddings, dairy products,confections, snack foods, or frozen confections or novelties (e.g., icecream, milk shakes), prepared frozen meals, candy, snack products (e.g.,chips), liquid food such as soups, spreads, sauces, salad dressings,prepared meat and fish products, cheese, yogurt and any other fat or oilcontaining foods, and food ingredients (e.g., wheat flour). The termfood products or foodstuffs also includes functional foods and preparedfood products, the latter referring to any pre-packaged food approvedfor human consumption.

Animal feed including pet food compositions advantageously include foodintended to supply necessary dietary requirements, as well as treats(e.g., dog biscuits) or other food supplements. The animal feedcomprising the composition according to the invention may be in the formof a dry composition (for example, kibble), semi-moist composition, wetcomposition, or any mixture thereof. Alternatively or additionally, theanimal feed is a supplement, such as a gravy, drinking water, yogurt,powder, suspension, chew, treat (e.g., biscuits) or any other deliveryform.

Dietary supplements of the present invention may be delivered in anysuitable format. In preferred embodiments, dietary supplements areformulated for oral delivery. The ingredients of the dietary supplementof this invention are contained in acceptable excipients and/or carriersfor oral consumption. The actual form of the carrier, and thus, thedietary supplement itself, is not critical. The carrier may be a liquid,gel, gelcap, capsule, powder, solid tablet (coated or non-coated), tea,or the like. The dietary supplement is preferably in the form of apowder, tablet or capsule and most preferably in the form of a hard(shell) gelatin capsule. Suitable excipient and/or carriers includemaltodextrin, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalciumphosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, dextrose, rice flour, magnesiumstearate, stearic acid, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate,crospovidone, sucrose, vegetable gums, lactose, methyl cellulose,povidone, carboxymethyl cellulose, coin starch, and the like (includingmixtures thereof). Preferred carriers include calcium carbonate,magnesium stearate, maltodextrin, and mixtures thereof. The variousingredients and the excipient and/or carrier are mixed and formed intothe desired form using conventional techniques. The tablet or capsule ofthe present invention may be coated with an enteric coating thatdissolves at a pH of about 6.0 to 7.0. A suitable enteric coating thatdissolves in the small intestine but not in the stomach is celluloseacetate phthalate. Further details on techniques for formulation for andadministration may be found in the latest edition of Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences (Maack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.).

In other embodiments, the dietary supplement is provided as a powder orliquid suitable for adding by the consumer to a food or beverage, Forexample, in some embodiments, the dietary supplement can be administeredto an individual in the form of a powder, for instance to be used bymixing into a beverage, or by stirring into a semi-solid food such as apudding, topping, sauce, puree, cooked cereal, or salad dressing, forinstance, or by otherwise adding to a food e.g. enclosed in caps of foodor beverage container for release immediately before consumption. Thedietary supplement may comprise one or more inert ingredients,especially if it is desirable to limit the number of calories added tothe diet by the dietary supplement. For example, the dietary supplementof the present invention may also contain optional ingredientsincluding, for example, herbs, vitamins, minerals, enhancers, colorants,sweeteners, flavorants, inert ingredients, and the like. In someembodiments, the dietary supplements further comprise vitamins andminerals including, but not limited to, calcium phosphate or acetate,tribasic; potassium phosphate, dibasic; magnesium sulfate or oxide; salt(sodium chloride); potassium chloride or acetate; ascorbic acid; ferricorthophosphate; niacinamide; zinc sulfate or oxide; calciumpantothenate; copper gluconate; riboflavin; beta-carotene; pyridoxinehydrochloride; thiamin mononitrate; folic acid; biotin; chromiumchloride or picolonate; potassium iodide; sodium selenate; sodiummolybdate; phylloquinone; vitamin D3; cyanocobalamin; sodium selenite;copper sulfate; vitamin A; vitamin C; inositol; potassium iodide.Suitable dosages for vitamins and minerals may be obtained, for example,by consulting the U.S. RDA guidelines.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides nutritionalsupplements (e.g., energy bars or meal replacement bars or beverages)comprising the composition according to the invention. The nutritionalsupplement may serve as meal or snack replacement and generally providenutrient calories. Preferably, the nutritional supplements providecarbohydrates, proteins, and fats in balanced amounts. The nutritionalsupplement can further comprise carbohydrate, simple, medium chainlength, or polysaccharides, or a combination thereof. A simple sugar canbe chosen for desirable organoleptic properties. Uncooked cornstarch isone example of a complex carbohydrate. If it is desired that it shouldmaintain its high molecular weight structure, it should be included onlyin food formulations or portions thereof which are not cooked or heatprocessed since the heat will break down the complex carbohydrate intosimple carbohydrates, wherein simple carbohydrates are mono- ordisaccharides. The nutritional supplement contains, in one embodiment,combinations of sources of carbohydrate of three levels of chain length(simple, medium and complex; e.g., sucrose, maltodextrins, and uncookedcornstarch). Sources of protein to be incorporated into the nutritionalsupplement of the invention can be any suitable protein utilized innutritional formulations and can include whey protein, whey proteinconcentrate, whey powder, egg, soy flour, soy milk, soy protein, soyprotein isolate, casemate (e.g., sodium caseinate, sodium calciumcaseinate, calcium caseinate, potassium casemate), animal and vegetableprotein and hydrolysates or mixtures thereof. When choosing a proteinsource, the biological value of the protein should be considered first,with the highest biological values being found in caseinate, whey,lactalbumin, egg albumin and whole egg proteins. The nutritionalsupplement can also contain other ingredients, such as one or acombination of other vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, fiber and otherdietary supplements (e.g., protein, amino acids, choline, lecithin,omega-3 fatty acids). Selection of one or several of these ingredientsis a matter of formulation, design, consumer preference and end-user.The amounts of these ingredients added to the dietary supplements ofthis invention are readily known to the skilled artisan. Guidance tosuch amounts can be provided by the U.S. RDA doses for children andadults. Further vitamins and minerals that can be added include, but arenot limited to, calcium phosphate or acetate, tribasic; potassiumphosphate, dibasic; magnesium sulfate or oxide; salt (sodium chloride);potassium chloride or acetate; ascorbic acid; ferric orthophosphate;niacinamide; zinc sulfate or oxide; calcium pantothenate; coppergluconate; riboflavin; betacarotene; pyridoxine hydrochloride; thiaminmononitrate; folic acid; biotin; chromium chloride or picolonate;potassium iodide; sodium selenate; sodium molybdate; phylloquinone;vitamin D3; cyanocobalamin; sodium selenite; copper sulfate; vitamin A;vitamin C; Vitamin E, inositol; potassium iodide.

The nutritional supplement can be provided in a variety of forms, and bya variety of production methods. In a preferred embodiment, tomanufacture a food bar, the liquid ingredients are cooked; the dryingredients are added with the liquid ingredients in a mixer and mixeduntil the dough phase is reached; the dough is put into an extruder, andextruded; the extruded dough is cut into appropriate lengths; and theproduct is cooled. The bars may contain other nutrients and fillers toenhance taste, in addition to the ingredients specifically listedherein. It is understood by those of skill in the art that otheringredients can be added to those described herein, for example,fillers, emulsifiers, preservatives, etc. for the processing ormanufacture of a nutritional supplement.

Additionally flavors, coloring agents, spices, nuts and the like may beincorporated into the nutraceutical composition. Flavorings can be inthe form of flavored extracts, volatile oils, chocolate flavorings,peanut butter flavoring, cookie crumbs, crisp rice, vanilla or anycommercially available flavoring. Examples of useful flavoring include,but are not limited to, pure anise extract, imitation banana extract,imitation cherry extract, chocolate extract, pure lemon extract, pureorange extract, pure peppermint extract, imitation pineapple extract,imitation rum extract, imitation strawberry extract or pure vanillaextract; or volatile oils, such as balm oil, bay oil, bergamot oil,cedarwood oil, walnut oil, cherry oil, cinnamon oil, clove oil, orpeppermint oil; peanut butter, chocolate flavoring, vanilla cookiecrumb, butterscotch or toffee. In one embodiment, the dietary supplementcontains cocoa or chocolate.

Emulsifiers may be added for stability of the nutraceuticalcompositions. Examples of suitable emulsifiers include, but, are notlimited to, lecithin (e.g., from egg or soy), and/or mono- anddiglycerides. Other emulsifiers are readily apparent to the skilledartisan and selection of suitable emulsifier(s) will depend, in part,upon the formulation and final product. Preservatives may also be addedto the nutritional supplement to extend product shelf life. Preferably,preservatives such as potassium sorbate, sodium sorbate, potassiumbenzoate, sodium benzoate are used.

In addition to the carbohydrates described above, the nutraceuticalcomposition can contain natural or artificial (preferably low calorie)sweeteners, e.g., saccharides, cyclamates, aspartamine, aspartame,acesulfame K, and/or sorbitol. Such artificial sweeteners can bedesirable if the nutritional supplement is intended to be consumed by anoverweight or obese individual, or an individual with type II diabeteswho is prone to hyperglycemia.

Moreover, a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement may be added to thenutraceutical compositions of the present invention to obtain anadequate amount of an essential nutrient, which is missing in somediets. The multi-vitamin and mineral supplement may also be useful fordisease prevention and protection against nutritional losses anddeficiencies due to lifestyle patterns.

The dosage and ratios of nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), Arabinogalactan and Arabinogalactan combined withDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) administered via a nutraceuticalcomposition will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such asthe physiological characteristics of the particular composition and itsmode and route of administration; the age, health and weight of therecipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrenttreatment; the frequency of intake; and the effect desired which can bedetermined by the expert in the field with normal trials/or with theusual considerations regarding the formulation of a nutraceuticalcomposition.

A food or beverage suitably contains about 1 mg to about 1000 mg ofDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) per Serving and about 50 mg to 15000 mg ofArabinogalactan per serving and about 10 mg to 15000 mg ofArabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) per serving.If the composition is a pharmaceutical composition such a compositionmay contain Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) in an amount from about 1 mg toabout 2000 mg per dosage unit, e.g., per capsule or tablet, or fromabout 1 mg per daily dose to about 3000 mg per daily dose of a liquidformulation. If the composition is a pharmaceutical composition such acomposition may contain Arabinogalactan in an amount from about 100 mgto about 15000 mg per dosage unit, e.g., per capsule or tablet, or fromabout 5000 mg per daily dose to about 15000 mg per daily dose of aliquid formulation. If the composition is a pharmaceutical compositionsuch a composition may contain Arabinogalactan combined withDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) in an amount from about 100 mg to about15000 mg per dosage unit, e.g., per capsule or tablet, or from about3000 mg per daily dose to about 15000 mg per daily dose of a liquidformulation.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention preferablyfurther comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitablepharmaceutical carriers are e.g. described in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, supra, a standard reference text in this field. Examples ofsuch pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are both inorganic and organiccarrier materials, suitable for oral/parenteral/injectableadministration and include water, gelatin, lactose, starch, magnesiumstearate, talc, vegetable oils, and the like.

The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise conventionalpharmaceutical additives and adjuvants, excipients or diluents,including, but not limited to, water, gelatin of any origin, vegetablegums, ligninsulfonate, talc, sugars, starch, gum arabic, vegetable oils,polyalkylene glycols, flavoring agents, preservatives, stabilizers,emulsifying agents, buffers, lubricants, colorants, wetting agents,fillers, and the like.

The dosages and ratios of the individual components in a pharmaceuticalcomposition can be determined by the expert in the field with normalpreclinical and clinical trials, or with the usual considerationsregarding the formulation of pharmaceutical composition.

In a preferred embodiment Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) is administeredvia a pharmaceutical composition either in the form of a single dose orby multiple doses in an amount of at least 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight/day,preferably in an amount of 1-100 mg/kg body weight/day, most preferablyin an amount of 4-50 mg/kg body weight/day.

In a preferred embodiment Arabinogalactan is administered via apharmaceutical composition either in the form of a single dose or bymultiple doses in an amount of at least 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight/day,preferably in an amount of 1-500 mg/kg body weight/day, most preferablyin an amount of 5-300 mg/kg body weight/day.

In a preferred embodiment Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) is administered via a pharmaceutical composition either inthe form of a single dose or by multiple doses in an amount of at least0.5 mg/kg bodyweight/day, preferably in an amount of 1-300 mg/kg bodyweight/day, most preferably in an amount of 5-200 mg/kg body weight/day.

The compositions according to the present invention may be in anygalenic form, that is suitable for administering to the animal bodyincluding the human body, more in particular in any form that isconventional for oral administration, e.g. in solid form, for example as(additives/supplements for) food or feed, food or feed premixes,fortified food or feed, tablets, pills, granules, dragees, capsules, andeffervescent formulations such as powders and tablets, or in liquidform, for instance in the form of solutions, emulsions or suspensions,for example as beverages, pastes and oily suspensions. The pastes may befiled into hard or soft shell capsules, whereby the capsules featuree.g. a matrix of (fish, swine, poultry, cow) gelatin, plant proteins orligninsulfonate. Examples for other application forms are forms fortransdermal, parenteral, topical or injectable administration. Thenutraceutical and pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form ofcontrolled (delayed) release formulations. Examples of pharmaceuticalcompositions also include compositions suitable for topical applicationand transdermal absorption of the phenolic compound, such as cremes,gels, sprays, dry sticks, powders etc. In a preferred embodiment thecompositions according to the invention are in the form of a tablet, apill, a granule, a dragee, a capsule or an effervescent formulation.

The compositions according to the invention may also contain furtheractive ingredients suitable for health care.

The preferred daily dosage of the subject composition as specified abovemay be administered in the form of one or more dosage units such as e.g.a tablet. Most preferably the daily dosage of the subject composition isprovided in the form of one dosage unit taken twice daily, for a totalof two dosage units a day, or in the form of two dosage units takentwice daily, for a total of four dosage units a day. Compared to takingthe total daily dose once a day, twice daily dosing of half the totaldaily dose in one or more dosage units per dose provides improvedabsorption and better maintenance of blood levels of the essentialingredients.

Effective amount of nutritional compounds Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin),Arabinogalactan and Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) in these methods refers to an amount necessary to obtain aphysiological effect. The physiological effect may be achieved by onesingle dose or by repeated doses. The dosage administered may, ofcourse, vary depending upon known factors, such as the physiologicalcharacteristics of the particular composition and its mode and route ofadministration; the age, health and weight of the recipient; the natureand extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; thefrequency of treatment; and the effect desired and can be adjusted by aperson skilled in the art.

The invention will now be elucidated by way of the following examples,without however being limited thereto.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A soft drink containing a nutritional compound Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) may be prepares as follows:

A soft drink is prepared from the following ingredients:

-   -   water composition per 100 ml serving (calories—10 ccal.):    -   Purified potable water    -   Not flavored    -   Antioxidant—Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin)—from 2.0 mg up to 20 mg    -   Fructose/Glucose (4:1) mixture—4.5 g or sucralose and acesulfame        potassium    -   Vitamins: niacin—1.0 mg, calcium pantotenat or lactate—0.33 mg,        B6-0.11 mg, H-biotin—8.3 micro gram, caffeine—0.01.1 mg,        B12—0.06 microgram.    -   Natural mineral complex (sodium, potassium—16.5 mg.        magnesium—0.067 mg, chlorine 21.3 mg, sulfate—0.65 mg/100 ml,        mineralization of no more than 0.95 g/dl)

Example 2

A soft drink containing a nutritional compound Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin) may be prepares as follows:

A soft drink is prepared from the following ingredients:

-   -   water composition per 100 ml serving:    -   Purified potable water    -   Natural flavor (Lemon Lime)    -   Fructose/Glucose (4:1) mixture—4 gr.    -   Larch Arabinogalactan combined with 5% of Dihydroquercetin        (taxifolin) by dry weight—1 gr.

Vitamins: vitamin C—30 mg (ordinary form of fortification bymanufacturer), niacin—1.0 mg/100 ml, calcium lactate—0.33 mg, B6-0.11mg, H-biotin—8.3 micro gram, caffeine or folic acid—0.011 mg, B12—0.06micro gram.

-   -   Calories per 100 mL—18 ccal.

The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents, andpublications cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety as if each were individually incorporated. While in theforegoing specification this invention has been described in relation tocertain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been setforth for purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilledin the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodimentsand that certain of the details described herein may be variedconsiderably without departing from the basic principles of theinvention. It should be understood that this invention is not intendedto be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples setforth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by wayof example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limitedonly by the claims set forth herein as follows.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of using nutritional compounds forpreventing, reducing and controlling cardiometabolic risk factorsassociated with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia in humans,the method comprising the steps of: determining whether a particularhuman has a metabolic syndrome by determining whether said particularhuman has at least three characteristics selected from the groupconsisting of (a) a waist circumference greater than 102 cm for men andgreater than, 88 cm for women, (b) a triglyceride level greater than 150mg/dl. (c) an HDL-cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dl for men and lessthan 50 mg/dl for women, (d) a blood pressure greater than or equal to130/85 mmHG, and (e) a fasting glucose level greater than 110 mg/dl; andwhere said particular human is determined to have the metabolicsyndrome, administering internally a nutritional compound comprising aDihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactancombined with Dihydroquercetin (taxithlin), such that, after saidinternal administration of said nutritional compound, said particularhuman has no more than one characteristic selected from the groupconsisting of (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).
 2. The method of using anutritional compound including a Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), anArabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), said method comprising the steps of: administeringinternally said nutritional compound to a human having cardiometabolicrisk factors associated with metabolic syndrome andhypercholesterolemia, such that, after said internal administration ofsaid nutritional compound, said human exhibits lower triglyceridelevels, reduced total cholesterol, reduced mean VLDL-cholesterol, anddecreased lipoproteins in humans.
 3. The method of using nutritionalcompounds for lowering triglycerides and increasing HDL-cholesterol in ahuman, the method comprising the steps of: administering internally aneffective amount of a nutritional compound comprising a Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactan combined withDihydroquercetin (taxifolin) to a human having a triglyceride levelgreater than 150 mg/dl and an HDL-cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dlfor men and less than 50 mg/dl for women, said human also having atleast one characteristic selected from the group consisting of: (f) awaist circumference greater than 102cm for men and greater than 88 cmfor women, (g) a blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mmHG,and (h) a fasting glucose level greater than 110 mg/dl, such that aftersaid internal administration of said nutritional compound said human hasa triglyceride level of less than 150 mg/dl, an HDL-cholesterol levelgreater than 40 mg/dl for men and greater than 50 mg/dl for women, andno longer has at least one characteristic selected from the groupconsisting of (f), (g), and (h).
 4. Method of using a nutritionalcompound including a Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan oran Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), saidmethod comprising the steps of: administering internally saidnutritional compound to a human so as to enhance metabolism in saidhuman, said enhanced metabolism resulting at least in part fromperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation.
 5. Methodof using a nutritional compound including a Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactan combined withDihydroquercetin (taxifolin), said method comprising the steps of:administering internally said nutritional compound to a human so as tosuppress in said human affects of free radicals on living cells and toprotect said living cells from oxidative damage, to assist in inhibitinglipid peroxidation to assist in rendering cell membranes more resistantto lesions, and to protects inner walls of said human's blood vesselsand capillaries against destructive enzymes, decay and free radicaldamage.
 6. Method of using a nutritional compound, including aDihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactancombined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), said method comprising thesteps of: administering internally said nutritional compound to a humanso as to modulate in said human production of main pro-inflammatorycytokines as anti-inflammatory agents targeting COX-2 and relatedpro-inflammatory mediators implicated in uncontrolled destructiveinflammatory reactions.
 7. Method of using a nutritional compoundincluding a Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or anArabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), said methodcomprising the steps of: administering internally said nutritionalcompound to a human so as to modulate in said human an expression ofseveral genes, including those coding for detoxification enzymes, cellcycle regulatory proteins, growth factors, and DNA repair proteins, toactivate Antioxidant Response Element, early detoxifying genes in anendogenous defense response to cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, helpto enhance the production of glutathione, help to block the productionof reactive oxygen species, and to assist in preventing the late influxof calcium, all of which are activities that prevent specific events inthe cell death pathway.
 8. Method of using a nutritional compoundincluding a Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or anArabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), said methodcomprising the steps of: administering internally said nutritionalcompound to a human so as to provide support in said human inpreventing, reducing and controlling detrimental effects caused by poordiet, wherein said internally administered nutritional compoundincreases short-chain fatty acids, decreases colonic ammonia levels,increases a number of beneficial bacteria in a colon, and improves animmune response.
 9. Method of using a nutritional compound including aDihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactancombined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), said method comprising thesteps of: administering internally said nutritional compound to a humanso as to provide support in said human for intestinal conditionsincluding at least one of a diverticulosis, a leaky-gut and an irritablebowel syndrome, and for inflammatory bowel diseases including at leastone of a Crohn's disease and an ulcerative colitis.
 10. Method of usinga nutritional compound including a Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), anArabinogalactan or an Arabinogalactan combined with Dihydroquercetin(taxifolin), said method comprising the steps of: administeringinternally said nutritional compound to a human so as to normalizeinhibitory and excitatory neuron function in said human.
 11. Method ofusing nutritional compounds according to claim 1, wherein said internaladministration of said nutritional compound is performed for maintainingand supporting cardiometabolic health, providing cardiometabolic care,and providing cardiometabolic integrity of said human.
 12. Method ofusing said nutritional compound according to claim 2, further comprisinga step of manufacturing a composition for inducing or enhancing positivecardiometabolic physiological state in humans, said compositioncomprising said nutritional compound, wherein said step of administeringsaid nutritional compound includes administering said, composition. 13.Method of treating or co-treating cardiometabolic disorders comprisingthe steps of: manufacturing a composition comprising at least one of aDihydroquercetin (taxifolin), an Arabinogalactan and an Arabinogalactancombined with Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin); and internally administeringsaid composition to a mammal with a cardiometabolic disorder.
 14. Methodaccording to claim 13, wherein the cardiometabolic disorders are cardioand metabolic syndrome disorders.
 15. Method according to claim 13,wherein the composition is a nutraceutical composition.
 16. Methodaccording to claim 13, wherein the composition is a beverage, soup,dairy product, nutritional bar or spread, in particular a beverage or anutritional bar.
 17. Method according to claim
 13. wherein thecomposition is in a form of a tablet, a pill, a granule, a dragee, acapsule or an effervescent formulation.